Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using a Multi-Threaded Routing Procedure

ABSTRACT

A method for designing a system to be implemented on a target device includes generating bounding boxes on the target device for nets in the system where a bounding box identifies routing resources available for routing its corresponding net. The nets in the system are assigned to a plurality of threads to be routed. The threads are executed so that a plurality of the nets are routed in parallel within their corresponding bounding box.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority and benefit toU.S. application Ser. No. 14/245,162 filed on Apr. 4, 2014, entitled,“Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using aMulti-Threaded Routing Procedure, which is a continuation of and claimspriority and benefit to U.S. Pat. No. 8,739,105 filed on Aug. 2, 2013,entitled, “Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using aMulti-Threaded Routing Procedure”, which is a continuation of and claimspriority and benefit to U.S. Pat. No. 8,533,652 filed on Sep. 13, 2012,entitled, “Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using aMulti-Threaded Routing Procedure”, which is a continuation of and claimspriority and benefit to U.S. Pat. No. 8,296,709 filed on Dec. 6, 2011,entitled, “Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using aMulti-Threaded Routing Procedure”, which is a continuation of and claimspriority and benefit to U.S. Pat. No. 8,095,906 filed on Dec. 29, 2008,entitled, “Method and Apparatus for Performing Parallel Routing Using aMulti-Threaded Routing Procedure”.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention relate to tools such as electronicdesign automation (EDA) tools for designing systems on target devicessuch as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs). More specifically, embodiments of thepresent invention relate to a method and apparatus for performingparallel routing using a multi-threaded routing procedure.

BACKGROUND

Logic devices such as FPGAs and ASICs are used to implement largesystems that may include million of gates and megabits of embeddedmemory. The complexity of large systems often requires the use of EDAtools to create and optimize a design for the system onto physicaltarget devices. Among the procedures performed by EDA tools in acomputer aided design (CAD) flow are synthesis, placement, and routing.Even with the assistance of EDA tools, the routing phase often takeshours and sometimes days to complete for large designs.

In the past, new processors in computer systems increased clock speedsand reduced the number of cycles required per instruction. This allowedthe routing run times for EDA tools to be maintained relatively constantover the years despite the increase in the sizes of the target devices.However, new generations of processors being released today are notusing clocks that are significantly faster than previous models.Instead, the new generation processors include more than one processorcore inside to allow computers to simultaneously run several “threads”of execution in parallel.

Although a limited number of parallel routing algorithms exist to takeadvantage of these new generation processors, these parallel routingalgorithms typically require significant overhead for broadcasting largeamounts of data between threads to support synchronization of data. Inaddition, prior parallel ASIC global routing and parallel FPGA routingalgorithms are not deterministic in that they do not reproduce identicalrouting results despite being run with exactly the same inputs. This isvery problematic for testing.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a multi-threadedrouting procedure allows a plurality of nets to be routed in parallel. Abounding box is generated for nets to be routed in the system. Thebounding box is constructed around all the terminals of the net. Thebounding box limits the scope of the search in a routing resource graphduring routing. Resources outside of the bounding box are not allowed tobe used by a router to route the net. Nets having bounding boxes that donot intersect are allowed to be routed in parallel since they will notexplore the same portions of the routing resource graph. Based uponthese principles a routing schedule may be derived for availablethreads.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the present invention are illustrated byway of example and are by no means intended to limit the scope of thepresent invention to the particular embodiments shown.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a method for designing a system on atarget device according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method for performing parallelrouting according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for scheduling netsstatically according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a target device partitioned according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for partitioning a targetdevice according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a target device partitioned according to the methodillustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method for scheduling netsdynamically according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b illustrate an example of a dependency graph anddynamic scheduling according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a computer system for implementing a system designeraccording to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a system designer according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary target device according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates a partially routed net according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates the bounding boxes generated for the net forconnection-parallel routing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specificnomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding ofembodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilledin the art that specific details in the description may not be requiredto practice the embodiments of the present invention. In otherinstances, well-known circuits, devices, and programs are shown in blockdiagram form to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present inventionunnecessarily.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a method for designing a system on atarget device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Theprocedure shown in FIG. 1 may be performed by an EDA tool such as asystem designer implemented on a computer system. The computer systemmay include a plurality of processors or processor cores capable ofbeing utilized to execute a plurality of threads that may performvarious tasks in parallel.

At 101, synthesis is performed on a design of a system. According to anembodiment of the present invention, synthesis generates an optimizedlogical representation of the system from a HDL design definition. Theoptimized logical representation of the system may include arepresentation that has a minimized number of functional blocks such aslogic gates, logic elements, and registers required for the system.Technology mapping is also performed on the optimized logic design.Technology mapping includes determining how to implement logic gates andlogic elements in the optimized logic representation with resourcesavailable on the target device. The resources available on the targetdevice may be referred to as “cells” or “components” and may includelogic-array blocks, registers, memories, digital signal processingblocks, input output elements, and other components. According to anembodiment of the present invention, an optimized technology-mappednetlist (cell netlist) is generated from the HDL.

At 102, the mapped logical system design is placed. Placement works onthe optimized technology-mapped netlist to produce a placement for eachof the functional blocks. According to an embodiment of the presentinvention, placement includes fitting the system on the target device bydetermining which resources available on the target device are to beused for specific function blocks in the optimized technology-mappednetlist. According to an embodiment of the present invention, placementmay include clustering which involves grouping logic elements togetherto form logic clusters or functional blocks such as logic array blockspresent on the target device.

At 103, it is determined which routing resources should be used toconnect the components in the target device implementing the functionalblocks of the system. During routing, routing resources on the targetdevice are allocated to provide interconnections between logic gates,logic elements, and other components on the target device. The routingprocedure may be performed by a router in an EDA tool that utilizesrouting algorithms. According to an embodiment of the present invention,a net that includes a source and one or more sinks may be routed inparallel with another net on the target device. In this embodiment, thenets to be routed may be allocated to a plurality of available threadsto be routed in parallel based upon their positions on the target deviceand/or their positions relative to each other.

At 104, an assembly procedure is performed. The assembly procedureinvolves creating a data file that includes some of the informationdetermined by the procedure described by 101-103. The data file may be abit stream that may be used to program the target device. According toan embodiment of the present invention, the procedures illustrated inFIG. 1 may be performed by an EDA tool executed on a first computersystem. The data file generated may be transmitted to a second computersystem to allow the design of the system to be further processed.Alternatively, the data file may be transmitted to a second computersystem which may be used to program the target device according to thesystem design. It should be appreciated that the design of the systemmay also be output in other forms such as on a display device or othermedium.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method for performing parallelrouting according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.The method described with reference to FIG. 2 may be used to implement103 in FIG. 1. At 201, it is determined whether a legal routing of thesystem has been generated or whether a maximum number of iterations ofthe routing procedure has been performed. If a legal routing of thesystem has been generated or a maximum number of iterations of therouting procedure has been performed, control proceeds to 211. If legalrouting of the system has not been generated or a maximum number ofiterations of the routing procedure has not been performed, controlproceeds to 202.

At 202, the nets to be routed are allocated to available threads.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the nets areallocated based upon their positions on a target device and/or basedupon their positions relative to each other. In one embodiment, the netsmay be allocated using a static scheduling approach where the targetdevice is partitioned into one or more partitions and nets correspondingto each partition are allocated to a designated thread. During some ofthe routing procedure, the designated threads may be executed inparallel. In an alternate embodiment, the nets may be allocated using adynamic scheduling approach where the nets are allocated based upontheir dependency on one other. In this approach, nets having thepotential to utilize the same routing resources are determined to bedependent on one another. A set of dependent nets (nets that are linkedtogether by dependencies) are allocated to the same thread. During therouting procedure, a plurality of threads scheduled to route sets ofnets, where each set of nets is independent, may be executed inparallel. After the nets to be routed are allocated to availablethreads, each of the threads performs the following procedures describedbelow.

At 203, it is determined whether the last net N has been routed. If itis determined that the last net N has been routed, control returns to201 and a current iteration count is incremented. If it is determinedthat the last net N has not been routed, control proceeds to 204.

At 204, the next net N with fanouts Fi is analyzed.

At 205, any previous routing for fanout Fi is discarded (“ripped-up”)and removed from a routing tree T which describes physical resources onthe target device to route the system.

At 206, a source of net N is added to the routing tree T.

At 207, it is determined whether the last fanout Fi from net N has beenrouted. If the last fanout Fi from net N has been routed, controlreturns to 203. If the last fanout Fi from net N has not been routed,control proceeds to 208.

At 208, the next fanout Fi is analyzed.

At 209, the connection to fanout Fi is routed. According to anembodiment of the present invention, the connection may be routed byadding the routing tree T to a heap. The heap is a sorting structure themay be used to perform a search of a routing resource graph thatincludes a list of all available routing resources that may be used toroute the connection. It should be appreciated that other types ofsorting structures may be used. After a new set of routing resources forrouting the connection C is added to the routing tree, the heap may beemptied. It should be appreciated that other techniques and proceduresmay be utilized to route the connection.

At 210, present congestion costs for the resources on the target deviceare updated. The congestion cost reflects a cost for using a particularrouting resource. A routing resource that has not been designated to beused for routing may have a relatively low congestion cost, whereas arouting resource which is designated to be used for routing may have arelatively high congestion costs. It should be appreciated that updatingthe congestion cost may be performed after the routing of eachconnection, after routing of all the connections in a net, after routingof all of the net, or at other times. Control returns to 207.

After all nets have been routed, the historical congestion cost of eachrouting resource is updated. The historical congestion cost of a routingresource is increased if it is currently congested. Before the routingprocedure begins (that is before control has ever reached 201), thehistorical congestion of each routing resource is initialized to a lowvalue, such as 0 or 1. By increasing the historical congestion cost foreach routing resource at the end of every routing iteration in which itis congested, a “history” of congestion is built up that helps to guidethe router to avoid routing resources that have tended to be overused.It should be appreciated that alternative routing approaches may notinclude a historical congestion cost, or may compute it using differentfunctions, such as a by weighting the congestion in more recentiterations more highly than congestion in earlier iterations.

At 211, control terminates the procedure.

While FIG. 2 shows each net being re-routed until a legal routing isachieved, it should be appreciated that alternative rip-up strategiesmay be employed. For example, only nets that are currently illegallyrouted (that is, use congested routing resources) may be re-routed. Thisis achieved by changing step 204 to go to the next congested net insteadof simply the next net. Embodiments of the present invention can beapplied to such a router by identifying all nets involved in congestionand creating a schedule for parallel routing of those nets according tothe techniques described herein.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method forperforming parallel routing may also be performed using the pseudo codelisted below.

Data structure allocation & initialization Current_Iteration = 1 While(Routing Not Legal && Current_Iteration <= Max_Router_Iterations) { Perform pre-iteration operations  Allocate all nets to availablethreads  For every net N with fanouts F_(i) {   Rip-up routing for allF_(i) and remove from routing tree T   Add source of net N to routingtree T   For every connection C in F_(i) {    Add T to heap    Usingheap perform search in rr-graph to route C    Add new routing for C to T   Empty heap   }   Update present congestion costs for all rr-nodesused by net N  }  Perform post-iteration operations  Update historicalcongestion costs for all rr-nodes  Current_Iteration++ } Data structureclean-up

FIG. 2 illustrates a routing procedure that allocates nets to threadsthat may route nets in parallel using a negotiated congestion technique.It should be appreciated that the routing procedure may use techniquesother than the negotiated congestion technique illustrated.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for scheduling netsstatically according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention. The method described with reference to FIG. 3 may be used toimplement 202 illustrated in FIG. 2 or may be used with other routingprocedures. At 301 a bounding box is generated for each net to berouted. According to an embodiment of the present invention, thebounding box defines an area on a target device and routing resourcegraph and is constructed around all terminals of a net. The purpose ofthe bounding box is to limit the scope of the routing resource graphsearch in a routing procedure. A routing procedure is not allowed toexplore or utilize routing resources outside a net's bounding box.According to an embodiment of the present invention, for a routingresource to be in a bounding box, the entire routing resource must be inthe bounding box. Alternatively, in order for a routing resource to bein a bonding box, the drive point for the routing resource must be inthe bounding box. The bonding box for a net may be constructed such thatit is the smallest box that encapsulates all the terminals of the net.Alternatively the box can be made larger than the minimum sized feasiblebox. The bounding box can also be constructed separately for eachterminal in a net, where the box is sized to encapsulate a particulardestination and the source terminal of a net. According to an embodimentof the present invention, a bounding box may be square or rectangular inshape. It should be appreciated, however, that the bounding box may alsobe constructed to include any number of sides having any appropriatelength.

At 302, the target device is partitioned. According to an embodiment ofthe present invention, the target device is partitioned into a numberequal to the number of threads available to be utilized in routing thenets. One or more partition lines may be used to equally partition thetarget devices into areas of equal sizes. Alternatively, the one or morepartition lines may be used to partition the target device so tomaximize the number of nets that do not cross a partition line whilebalancing the number of nets among the partitions. The partition linesmay be vertical, horizontal, or even jagged lines.

At 303, nets with bounding boxes crossing a partition line arescheduled. According to an embodiment of the present invention, netswith bounding boxes that cross a partition line are assigned to one ofthe threads to be routed serially.

At 304, the remaining nets in each partition are scheduled to be routedtogether and in parallel with nets of other partition(s). For example,nets remaining in a first partition may be scheduled to be routed by afirst thread and nets remaining in a second partition may be scheduledto be routed by a second thread.

FIG. 4 illustrates a target device 400 partitioned according to anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this example, thereare 7 nets to be routed on target device 400. Bounding boxes aregenerated for each of the nets. Bounding boxes 401-407 are generated fornets 1-7. For a system having two processors that support two threads,the target device 400 may be partitioned into two partitions. The targetdevice 400 is a chip that includes routing resources and can be depictedas a routing resource graph. The target device 400 is partitioned with asingle partition line 410 into a first partition 411 and a secondpartition 412.

At the start of an iteration of a routing procedure, the nets withbounding boxes that cross the partition line 410 are routed by a firstthread. In this example, net 4 with bounding box 404 and net 5 withbounding box 405 are routed by the first thread serially. Once the firstthread has completed routing net 4 and net 5, a scheduler assigns thenets with bounding boxes on the left partition, partition 411, to berouted by the first thread. The scheduler assigns the nets with boundingboxes on the right partition, partition 412, to be routed by the secondthread. At this point, the first and second threads run in parallel.Each thread updates all the present congestion cost terms as nets arerouted. Once all the threads have completed execution, the historicalcongestion costs may be updated and a next iteration may begin. Themethod used to schedule as illustrated in FIG. 4 is referred to as amethod for static scheduling.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for partitioning a targetdevice according to an embodiment of the present invention. The methoddescribed with reference to FIG. 5 may be used to implement 302illustrated in FIG. 3. The method described with referenced to FIG. 5 isan alternative to the one illustrated in FIG. 4 and may be referred toas a method for advanced static scheduling. At 501, a number of threadsavailable to route nets is determined. According to an embodiment of thepresent invention, the number of threads available may corresponddirectly to the number of processors or processor cores are available ona system executing a system design software or to a number of threadsavailable to route the nets.

At 502, an amount of work required for routing each net is determined.According to an embodiment of the present invention, an approximationfor the amount of work for routing a net may be computed by counting anumber of fanouts (connections) in each net. An amount of time requiredto route a net may be assumed to be proportional to a number of fanoutsin the net.

At 503, one or more partition lines are generated to partition the netsto be routed so to balance the amount of work required in each of thepartitions and to minimize the number of bounding boxes that crosspartition lines.

FIG. 6 illustrates a target device 600 partitioned according to themethod illustrated in FIG. 5. The target device 600 is similar to targetdevice 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 in that it includes 7 nets, nets 1-7,to be routed which each have bounding boxes 601-607. The nets 1-7 andbounding boxes 601-607 in FIG. 6 are positioned identically to the nets1-7 and bounding boxes 401-407 illustrated in FIG. 4. The fanout foreach net is shown in ( ) beside the net numbers. Net 1 is shown toinclude 2 fanouts. Net 2 is shown to include 2 fanouts. Net 3 is shownto include 9 fanouts. Net 4 is shown to include 3 fanouts. Net 5 isshown to include 7 fanouts. Net 6 is shown to include 1 fanout. Net 7 isshown to include 2 fanouts.

The partition line 610 generated for target device 600 1) balances theamount of routing work in each chip partition, and 2) minimizes thenumber of nets with bounding boxes that cross the partition line 610. Bygenerating partition line 610 left of the center of the target device600, an equal number of net connections are captured on each partitionand better balances the work load for thread performing routing. Sinceno bounding boxes cross the partition line 610, none of the nets arescheduled to be routed serially. The scheduler can assign the nets withbounding boxes on the left partition, partition 611, to be routed by thefirst thread. The scheduler assigns the nets with bounding boxes on theright partition, partition 612, to be routed by the second thread. Thefirst and second threads run in parallel. Each thread updates all thepresent congestion cost terms as nets are routed. Once all the threadshave completed execution, the historical congestion costs may be updatedand a next iteration may begin.

Once nets confined to an initial set of partitions have all been routed,a new set of partition lines can be created in order to divide theremaining (not yet routed) nets into multiple groups of nets. Each groupconsists of nets whose bounding boxes are completely contained with oneof these new partitions. Nets in different groups can therefore berouted in parallel, since their routings will not interact. Each groupis assigned to a different thread to enable this next phase of parallelrouting. This procedure of creating new partition lines to determine newsets of independent nets that can be routed in parallel can be repeatedmultiple times. When the remaining nets span much of the chip, or thereis insufficient independence between the remaining nets for otherreasons, the remaining nets are routed serially by a single thread.

When performing multiple partitionings of the chip in this way, extracare must be taken to keep the routing algorithm deterministic andsequentially equivalent. A deterministic algorithm always produces thesame result given the same input, and a sequentially equivalentalgorithm always produces the same result, regardless of the number ofprocessors or threads used to compute results in parallel. The routingalgorithm maintains determinism and sequential equivalence by alwaysusing the same number and location of partition lines, regardless of thenumber of processors available. This is sufficient to ensure that netswith dependencies are always routed in the same order, and neither thenumber of processors nor the precise execution time of different threadsimpacts the order in which dependent nets are routed. So long as thealgorithm routes dependent nets in a fixed order, it will make the samerouting decisions, maintaining determinism and sequential equivalence.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method for scheduling netsdynamically according to an embodiment of the present invention. Themethod described with reference to FIG. 7 may be used to implement 202illustrated in FIG. 2 or may be used with other routing procedures. At701 a bounding box is generated for each net to be routed. The boundingbox may have the characteristics of the bounding box described withreference to FIG. 3.

At 702, nets having dependencies are identified. According to anembodiment of the present invention, a first net is determined to bedependent on a second net if the nets have bounding boxes thatintersect. A first net may also be determined to be dependent on asecond net if both the first and second net have bounding boxes thatintersect a bounding box of a third net.

At 703, an amount of work required for routing each net is determined.According to an embodiment of the present invention, an approximationfor the amount of work for routing a net may be computed by counting anumber of fanouts in each net. An amount of time required to route a netmay be assumed to be proportional to a number of fanouts in the net.

At 704, sets of nets with dependencies on each other are scheduled to berouted together. According to an embodiment of the present invention,one or more sets of nets with dependencies on each other are scheduledto be routed together by a common thread and in parallel with anotherone or more sets of nets scheduled to be routed by another availablecommon thread while balancing work load among the threads. Work load maybe balanced, for example, by computing the amount of work required for aset of dependent nets from the work required for each individual net inthe set and comparing the work required for sets of dependent nets to berouted by available threads.

At 705, nets having no dependencies (independent nets) are scheduled tobe routed by available threads. According to an embodiment of thepresent invention, independent nets are scheduled to be routed after theone or more sets of nets with dependencies are routed. By routing theindependent nets last, idle time in the threads are reduced.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b illustrate an example of a dependency graph anddynamic scheduling according to an embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 8 a is a dependency graph that illustrates the relationship betweennets 1-7 which were previously described with reference to FIGS. 4 and6. As shown, in FIGS. 4 and 6, net 1 has a bounding box that does notintersect with other bounding boxes and is an independent net. Nets 2and 3 have bounding boxes that intersect and are dependent on eachother. Nets 4 and 5 have bounding boxes that intersect each other. Nets5 and 7 have bounding boxes that intersect each other. Nets 7 and 6 havebounding boxes that intersect each other. The dynamic scheduler mustensure that nets that are dependent on each other are not routed inparallel.

The various sets of nets being simultaneously routed on multiple threadsmust have no dependencies between the sets. This is enforced by ensuringthat there are no dependency edges that cross the sets, or equivalentlyby ensuring the bounding boxes of the nets in one set do not overlapwith the bounding boxes of the nets in another set. Once these firstsets of nets have been routed, the remaining nets are examined and newsets of nets with no dependencies between the sets are computed. In thiscomputation, all nets that have already been routed are removed from thedependency graph, since their dependencies are no longer relevant. Thisincreases the amount of independence amongst the remaining nets. Severalof these new sets of nets are sent to threads to execute in parallel.This procedure continues until no more nets remain to be routed.

Instead of waiting for sets of nets to be routed, and then producing anew set of independent nets for parallel routing, the algorithm canprecompute all the sets of independent nets to be routed, where somesets must not begin routing until earlier sets are complete. Thisrestriction can be encoded via a dependency edge between the sets,ensuring the scheduler will not attempt to route them simultaneously.Pre-computing all sets of independent nets in this way has the advantagethat it guarantees the routing algorithm is deterministic. It has thedisadvantage that the schedule must be computed using estimates of howlong it will take to route each net, which may result in less efficientload balancing amongst threads than an approach that can adapt theschedule as nets complete routing.

FIG. 8 b illustrates the dynamic scheduling of the nets according to anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown, one possiblescheduling solution would be to schedule the routing of nets 2-3 withthread 1 while scheduling the routing of nets 4-7 with thread 2. Therouting of net 1 may be scheduled with thread 1 after thread 1 completesrouting of nets 2-3.

According to an embodiment of the present invention where multiple setsof nets are scheduled to be routed by a thread, the sets of nets withthe most dependencies or that require the most work may be routed beforesets of nets with fewer dependencies or that require less work.Likewise, when scheduling a plurality of nets, nets with moreconnections, fanouts, or requiring more work may be scheduled ahead ofnets with fewer connections, fanouts, or requiring less work.

The method of dynamic scheduling described with reference to FIG. 7discards the notion of a fixed chip division. Instead a scheduler usingthis method may implement a dependency graph similar to those used in acompiler. The scheduler assigns nets to threads based on what nets arecurrently being routed by other threads. It should be appreciated thatthe nets or sets of nets may be scheduled dynamically as a thread iscompleting work on routing a current net or set of nets. Alternatively,the scheduling may be performed in advance based on the identificationof dependent nets and the amount of work required for the nets.According to an embodiment of the present invention, a system design mayinitially include both independent and dependent nets. A dependent netmay be dependent on an independent net where the dependent net shouldnot be routed (cross cutlines) until the independent net has beenrouted. Once all of the “first-cut” sets of nets have been routed, theremaining nets may be used to produce a new set of independent netswhich can be routed in parallel by using new cutlines or by using thedependency graph.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, multi-threadedrouting is based upon using geometric properties of the target deviceand routing resource graph. In order to limit the scope of the graphsearch, a bounding box is constructed around all the terminals of a netand the search is never allowed to explore outside this bounding box. Iftwo nets have bounding boxes that do not intersect, then the two netscould be routed in parallel since they will never explore the samepositions of the routing resource graph. These two nets could update thecost term associated with the routing resource graph without theoverhead of locking access because they would be guaranteed to neverhave explored or used any of the same routing resources.

Embodiments of the present invention minimize memory overhead since therouting resource graph does not need to be duplicated for each thread.The heap or other sorting structure used to keep a partially sorted listof promising routing resources during each graph search is duplicatedfor each thread. The amount of inter-process communication required isalso minimal since only basic information such as a list of nets toroute is transferred between a scheduler and a thread that performsrouting. Embodiments of the present invention also require minimallocking access to data structures since each thread works on routingdifferent portions of the routing resource graph and related datastructures. To be more specific, no locking access is required whenrouting a single net or set of independent nets. When a thread completesthe routing of the set of nets assigned to it, locking or some othersynchronization method will generally be required to interact with thenet routing scheduler in order to obtain the next set of nets to berouted.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the placementperformed at 102 in FIG. 1, may be performed to select locations of netterminals that would create more independent net bounding boxes. Byreducing dependencies between bounding boxes the amount of routingparallelism can be increased.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, when a legalrouting solution has not been found after repeated attempts, thebounding boxes for one or more nets may be changed by increasing itssize to allow for routing congestion to be resolved. When the size orlocation of a bounding box is changed, scheduling of the routing of thenets would be updated to account for cross over and/or dependencies.

Embodiments of the present invention have been described with referenceto routing nets in parallel. It should be appreciated that someconnections in a net may be scheduled to be routed in parallel withother connections in the same net or with the connections of anothernet. This approach may be utilized when a system design includeshigh-fanout nets that span a large area of a target device and produceslarge bounding boxes. These nets would be difficult to route in parallelwith other nets because of potential overlap and would limit thespeed-up of multi-threaded routing. Instead of routing all theconnections for a net at one time, it is possible to route eachconnection for a net individually. The bounding box described may besized for each particular connection. By breaking nets up and routingconnections independently, other nets or other connections for othernets can be routed in parallel. An intermediate approach can also betaken where a net may be broken into two or more sets of connections.The sets of connections can be routed in parallel and only the initialset up of a partial routing into the bounding box containing each set ofconnections need be performed serially.

An example embodiment of such a connection-parallel router would dividethe region covered by a net into two or more partitions. The net sourcewould lie in one partition. The algorithm routes from the net source toone or more terminals of the net, until some portion of the partialrouting is contained within each partition. This first procedure isexecuted serially. From that point onward, routing of the remaining netconnections can proceed in parallel. Each thread is passed a partitionand the partial routing contained within that partition. Each threadroutes to all the terminals of the net within its partition, with therouting of the first such terminal starting on the partial routingpassed to the thread. As connections are routed, they are added to thepartial routing, and the routing of each connection is not allowed to gooutside a bounding box that was passed to the thread. When all theconnections allocated to a thread have been routed, the threadsynchronizes with other threads to merge the routing of its connectionswith those of other threads that have been routing connections for thatnet, creating a complete routing for the net.

FIG. 12 illustrates a partially routed net according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention. The net is a 7 terminal net havinga source and sinks 1-6. FIG. 13 illustrates the bounding boxes, boundingbox A and bounding box B, generated for the net for connection-parallelrouting. Sinks 2, 3, and 5 are routed starting from partial routing Awith the routing confined to bounding box B. Sinks 4 and 6 are routedstarting from partial routing B with the routing confined to boundingbox B. Routing of sinks 2, 3, and 5 can be performed in parallel withthe routing of sinks 4 and 6.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, timing analysis maybe run during routing and/or at the end of routing using real routingwire delays for each connection. Performing timing analysis duringrouting allows the routing procedure to make improvements to criticalpaths. The timing analysis could be run in a separate thread in parallelwith the routing procedure. The timing analysis thread would communicateupdated information about the critical path of the design to the threadperforming routing. When routing converges to a solution, timing may beimproved by performing timing analysis on final net delays and thenripping up and re-routing the most critical connections. The timing forthe new converged solution may be analyzed and either the new or oldroute is selected based upon the timing. Many convergences may beanalyzed and the best solution saved. Run-time may be saved by analyzingconvergences in parallel using multiple processors.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, global updates maybe made to the routing resource graph and other large data structures.At the start and end of every routing iteration, traversals of largedata structures such as the routing resource graph are required in orderto update cost information. These updates could be done by multiplethreads in parallel by having each thread work on a separate portion ofthe data structure.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, both static anddynamic scheduling may be enhanced to improve cache efficiency byrouting nets that are geometrically close to each other on the samethread one after the other. For example, one could route all nets thatstart in a certain (x,y) location one after the other on a certainthread so that data used by those nets is likely to be in a cachememory. To make best use of the cache, the routing nodes that are thesame (x,y) location should be stored at adjacent memory addresses andnods nearby (x,y) locations should be at nearby memory addresses. Therouting resource graph data structure may be organized to enable this.Increased cache locality speeds up the routing procedure even when it isnot run in parallel. Since one of the limits of parallel speedup forrouting is memory bandwidth and cache capacity, improving the cachelocality of each thread also improves the parallel speedup.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system 900 in whichan example embodiment of the present invention resides. The computersystem 900 includes one or more processors that process data signals. Asshown, the computer system 900 includes a first processor 901 and an nthprocessor 905, where n may be any number. The processors 901 and 905 maybe multi-core processors with multiple processor cores on each chip. Theprocessors 901 and 905 are coupled to a CPU bus 910 or other switchfabric that transmits data signals between processors 901 and 905 andother components in the computer system 900. According to an embodimentof the present invention, each of the processors or processor cores inthe computer system 900 may execute its own thread. Each thread may runa different part of one or more or the same software program in parallelwith other threads.

The computer system 900 includes a memory 913. The memory 913 may storeinstructions and code represented by data signals that may be executedby the processor 901. A bridge memory controller 911 is coupled to theCPU bus 910 and the memory 913. The bridge memory controller 911 directsdata signals between the processors 901 and 905, the memory 913, andother components in the computer system 900 and bridges the data signalsbetween the CPU bus 910, the memory 913, and a first IO bus 920.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the processors 901and 905 may be directly coupled to the memory 913 and communicates withthe memory 913 without a bridge memory controller 911.

The first IO bus 920 may be a single bus or a combination of multiplebuses. The first IO bus 920 provides communication links betweencomponents in the computer system 900. A network controller 921 iscoupled to the first IO bus 920. The network controller 921 may link thecomputer system 900 to a network of computers (not shown) and supportscommunication among the machines. A display device controller 922 iscoupled to the first IO bus 920. The display device controller 922allows coupling of a display device (not shown) to the computer system900 and acts as an interface between the display device and the computersystem 900.

A second IO bus 930 may be a single bus or a combination of multiplebuses. The second IO bus 930 provides communication links betweencomponents in the computer system 900. A data storage device 931 iscoupled to the second IO bus 930. An input interface 932 is coupled tothe second IO bus 930. The input interface 932 allows coupling of aninput device to the computer system 900 and transmits data signals froman input device to the computer system 900. A bus bridge 923 couples thefirst IO bus 920 to the second IO bus 930. The bus bridge 923 operatesto buffer and bridge data signals between the first IO bus 920 and thesecond IO bus 930. It should be appreciated that computer systems havinga different architecture may also be used to implement the computersystem 900.

A system designer 940 may reside in memory 913 and be executed by one ormore of the processors 901 and 905. The system designer 940 may operateto synthesize a system, place the system on a target device, route thesystem on the system on the target device, and assemble the system.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system designer940 is a program that includes parts that may be executed by multiplethreads simultaneously (in parallel).

FIG. 10 illustrates a system designer 1000 according to an embodiment ofthe present invention. The system designer 1000 may be an EDA tool fordesigning a system on a target device such as an FPGA or othercircuitry. FIG. 10 illustrates modules implementing an embodiment of thesystem designer 1000. According to one embodiment, the modules representsoftware modules and system design may be performed by a computer systemsuch as the one illustrated in FIG. 9 executing sequences ofinstructions represented by the modules shown in FIG. 10. Execution ofthe sequences of instructions causes the computer system to supportsystem design as will be described hereafter. In alternate embodiments,hard-wire circuitry may be used in place of or in combination withsoftware instructions to implement embodiments of present invention.Thus, embodiments of present invention are not limited to any specificcombination of hardware circuitry and software. The system designer 1000includes a designer manager 1010. The designer manager 1010 is connectedto and transmits data between the components of the system designer1000.

The system designer 1000 includes a synthesis unit 1020. The synthesisunit 1020 generates a cell netlist from a design of a system to beimplemented on the target device. According to an embodiment of thesystem designer 1000, the synthesis unit 1020 takes a conceptual HDLdesign definition and generates an optimized logical representation ofthe system. The optimized logical representation of the system generatedby the synthesis unit 1020 may include a representation that has aminimized number of functional blocks and registers, such as logic gatesand logic elements, required for the system. Alternatively, theoptimized logical representation of the system generated by thesynthesis unit 1020 may include a representation that has a reduceddepth of logic and that generates a lower signal propagation delay. Thesynthesis unit 1020 also determines how to implement the functionalblocks and registers in the optimized logic representation utilizingresources such as cells on a target. The technology-mapped netlistillustrates how the resources (cells) on the target device are utilizedto implement the system. In an embodiment where the target device is anFPGA or PLD, the technology-mapped netlist may include cells such aslook-up tables, Logic Array Blocks (LABs), registers, memory blocks, DSPblocks, IO elements or other components.

The system designer 1000 includes a placement unit 1030 that performsplacement. The placement unit 1030 processes the merged cell netlist toproduce a placement for each of the cells in the merged cell netlist.The placement unit 1000 places the system on to the target device bydetermining which components or areas on the target device are to beused for specific functional blocks and registers. According to anembodiment of the system designer 1000, the placement unit 1030 firstdetermines how to implement portions of the optimized logic design inclusters. Clusters may represent a subset of the components on the logicdesign. A cluster may be represented, for example, by a number ofstandard cells grouped together. In this embodiment, after portions ofthe optimized logic design are implemented in clusters, the clusters maybe placed by assigning the clusters to specific positions on the targetdevice. The placement unit 1030 may utilize a cost function in order todetermine a good assignment of resources on the target device.

The system designer 1000 includes a routing unit 1040 that performsrouting. The routing unit 1040 determines the routing resources on thetarget device to use to provide interconnection between the componentsimplementing the functional blocks and registers of the logic design.The routing unit 1040 includes a bounding box unit 1041 that generates abounding box for each net to be routed. According to an embodiment ofthe present invention, a bounding box defines an area on a target deviceand routing resource graph and is constructed around all terminals of anet. The purpose of the bounding box is to limit the scope of therouting resource graph search in a routing procedure. The bounding boxgenerated by the bounding box unit 1041 is similar to the bounding boxdescribed with reference to FIGS. 3 and 7.

The routing unit 1040 includes a work assessment unit 1042. The workassessment unit 1042 estimates an amount of work an amount of workrequired for routing each net to be routed. According to an embodimentof the present invention, an approximation for the amount of work forrouting a net may be computed by counting a number of connections orfanouts in each net. An amount of time required to route a net may beassumed to be proportional to a number of fanouts in the net.

The routing unit 1040 includes a partitioning unit 1043. Thepartitioning unit 1043 may operate to partition a target device into anumber equal to the number of threads available to be utilized inrouting the nets. One or more partition lines may be used to equallypartition the target devices into areas of equal sizes. Alternatively,the one or more partition lines may be used to partition the targetdevice so to maximize the number of nets that do not cross a partitionline while balancing a number of nets or connections among thepartitions or an amount of work to be performed for nets amongpartitions. The partition lines may be vertical, horizontal, or evenjagged lines.

The routing unit 1040 includes a dependency identification unit 1044.The dependency identification unit 1044 operates to identify nets havingdependencies. According to an embodiment of the present invention, afirst net is determined to be dependent on a second net if the nets havebounding boxes that intersect. A group of 3 nets is dependent if thebounding box of net 1 and the bounding box of net 2 each intersect thebounding box of the third net.

The routing unit 1040 includes a scheduler unit 1045. The scheduler unit1045 may perform a method of static scheduling where the informationgenerated from the partition unit 1043 is used to schedule a pluralityof nets to be executed by a plurality of threads simultaneously. In thisembodiment, the scheduler unit 1045 first schedules nets with boundingboxes that cross a partition line to be routed by a first threadserially. Next, the scheduler unit 1045 schedules the remaining nets ineach partition to be routed together by a designated thread, where thethreads are executed in parallel. The scheduler unit 1045 may perform amethod of dynamic scheduling where nets with dependencies on each otherare scheduled to be routed together. In this embodiment, the schedulerunit 1045 first schedules one or more sets of nets with dependencies oneach other to be routed together by a common thread and in parallel withanother one or more sets of nets scheduled to be routed by anotheravailable common thread while balancing work load among the threads.

The system designer 1000 includes an assembly unit 1050 that performs anassembly procedure that creates a data file that includes the design ofthe system generated by the system designer 1000. The data file may be abit stream that may be used to program the target device. The assemblyunit 1050 may output the data file so that the data file may be storedor alternatively transmitted to a separate machine used to program thetarget device. It should be appreciated that the assembly unit 1050 mayalso output the design of the system in other forms such as on a displaydevice or other medium.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a system designer1000. It should be appreciated that addition components may beimplemented on the system designer 1000, that not all of the componentsillustrated are necessary to implement the system designer 1000, andthat the illustrated components may be substituted with othercomponents.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary target device 1100 in which a systemmay be implemented. In this exemplary embodiment, the target device 1100is an FPGA. According to one embodiment, the target device 1100 is achip having a hierarchical structure that may take advantage of wiringlocality properties of circuits formed therein.

The target device 1100 includes a plurality of logic-array blocks(LABs). Each LAB may be formed from a plurality of logic blocks, carrychains, LAB control signals, and local routing between the logic blocks,carry chains and LAB control signals. A logic block is a small unit oflogic providing efficient implementation of user logic functions. Alogic block includes one or more combinational cells, and registers.According to one embodiment of the present invention, the logic blockmay operate similarly to a logic element (LE), such as those found inStratix or Cyclone devices manufactured by Altera® Corporation, or acombinational logic block (CLB) such as those found in Virtex devicesmanufactured by Xilinx Inc. In this embodiment, the logic block mayinclude a four input lookup table (LUT) with a configurable register.According to an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the logicblock may operate similarly to an adaptive logic module (ALM), such asthose found in Stratix devices manufactured by Altera Corporation. LABsare grouped into rows and columns across the target device 1100. Columnsof LABs are shown as 1111-1116. It should be appreciated that the logicblock may include additional or alternate components.

The target device 1100 includes memory blocks. The memory blocks may be,for example, dual port random access memory (RAM) blocks that providededicated true dual-port, simple dual-port, or single port memory up tovarious bits wide at up to various frequencies. The memory blocks may begrouped into columns across the target device in between selected LABsor located individually or in pairs within the target device 300.Columns of memory blocks are shown as 1121-1124.

The target device 1100 includes digital signal processing (DSP) blocks.The DSP blocks may be used to implement multipliers of variousconfigurations with add or subtract features. The DSP blocks includeshift registers, multipliers, adders, and accumulators. The DSP blocksmay be grouped into columns across the target device 1100 and are shownas 1131.

The target device 300 includes a plurality of input/output elements(IOEs) 1140. Each IOE feeds an I/O pin (not shown) on the target device1100. The IOEs are located at the end of LAB rows and columns around theperiphery of the target device 1100. Each IOE includes a bidirectionalI/O buffer and a plurality of registers for registering input, output,and output-enable signals. The registers in the IOEs enablehigh-performance interfacing to external devices. Dedicated circuitrymay also be included in the IOEs to enable high-speed transfers viaexternal memory interface protocols such as DDR3, source-synchronousprotocols, or serial interface protocols such as PCI-express.Alternative embodiments of the target device may arrange the IOEs incolumns throughout the device.

The target device 1100 may include routing resources such as LAB localinterconnect lines, row interconnect lines (“H-type wires”), and columninterconnect lines (“V-type wires”) (not shown) to route signals betweencomponents on the target device.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a target device. Itshould be appreciated that a system may include a plurality of targetdevices, such as that illustrated in FIG. 11, cascaded together. Itshould also be appreciated that the target device may includeprogrammable logic devices arranged in a manner different than that onthe target device 1100. A target device may also include FPGA resourcesother than those described in reference to the target device 1100.

FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 7 are flow charts illustrating methods according toembodiments of the present invention. The techniques illustrated inthese figures may be performed sequentially, in parallel or in an orderother than that which is described. The techniques may be also beperformed one or more times. It should be appreciated that not all ofthe techniques described are required to be performed, that additionaltechniques may be added, and that some of the illustrated techniques maybe substituted with other techniques.

Embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a computerprogram product, or software, that may include an article of manufactureon a machine accessible or machine readable medium having instructions.The instructions on the machine accessible, machine readable, orcomputer readable medium may be used to program a computer system orother electronic device. The machine accessible, machine readable, orcomputer readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppydiskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks or othertype of media/medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. Thetechniques described herein are not limited to any particular softwareconfiguration. They may find applicability in any computing orprocessing environment. The terms “machine accessible medium”, “machinereadable medium”, or “computer readable medium” used herein shallinclude any medium that is capable of storing, or encoding a sequence ofinstructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine toperform any one of the methods described herein. Furthermore, it iscommon in the art to speak of software, in one form or another (e.g.,program, procedure, process, application, module, unit, logic, and soon) as taking an action or causing a result. Such expressions are merelya shorthand way of stating that the execution of the software by aprocessing system causes the processor to perform an action to produce aresult.

In the foregoing specification embodiments of the invention has beendescribed with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Itwill, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may bemade thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of theembodiments of the invention. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictivesense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for designing a system on a targetdevice, comprising: assigning nets having bounding areas that cross apartition line to be routed serially; and assigning remaining nets in afirst partition to be routed in parallel with remaining nets in a secondpartition to reduce compilation time on a computer system.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the nets to be routed serially are routed beforenets to be routed in parallel.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thepartition line partitions the target device into equally sized areas. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the partition line partitions the targetdevice to balance an amount of routing work for nets in each partition.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the partition line is created tointersect fewer than a predetermined number of bounding areas.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the plurality of nets routed in parallel havebounding areas free from overlap.
 7. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising routing nets with overlapping bounding areas serially.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein each bounding area corresponds to an area onthe target device.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each bounding areadefines routing resources that can be used for routing its correspondingnet.
 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising partitioning thetarget device with the partition line.
 11. A non-transitory computerreadable medium including sequences of instructions stored thereon forcausing a computer to execute a method comprising: assigning nets havingbounding areas that cross a partition line on a target device to berouted serially; and assigning remaining nets in a first partition to berouted in parallel with remaining nets in a second partition to reducecompilation time on a computer system.
 12. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 11, wherein the nets to be routed serially arerouted before nets to be routed in parallel.
 13. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the partition linepartitions the target device into equally sized areas.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein thepartition line partitions the target device to balance an amount ofrouting work for nets in each partition.
 15. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 11, wherein the partition line is created tointersect fewer than a predetermined number of bounding areas.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein theplurality of nets routed in parallel have bounding areas free fromoverlap.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11,wherein the method further comprises partitioning the target device withthe partition line.
 18. A method for designing a system on a targetdevice, comprising: identifying sets of nets such that nets in each ofthe sets are free from dependencies from nets from other sets; androuting the sets of nets in parallel to reduce compilation time on acomputer system.
 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising assigningnets with a higher number of dependencies to be routed before nets withfewer or no dependencies.
 20. The method of claim 18, whereinidentifying dependencies of the nets comprises determining whether abounding area corresponding to a first net overlaps with a bounding areacorresponding to a second net.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein eachbounding area corresponds to an area on the target device.
 22. Themethod of claim 18, wherein each bounding area defines routing resourcesthat can be used for routing its corresponding net.
 23. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising identifying dependencies of nets in thesystem.